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From Our Partners: Postdoctoral Fellowship with UCSF-JHU Opioid Industry Documents Archive

The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is looking for a Postdoctoral Fellow (1 year duration, with potential for renewal for up to 3 years) to assist with research development and community engagement within the recently launched University of California-Johns Hopkins University (UCSF-JHU) Opioid Industry Documents Archive. Fellowships typically start July 1, 2023 but dates are flexible.

The UCSF-JHU Opioid Industry Documents Archive (OIDA) https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/opioids/, established in Spring 2021, is a digital collection of publicly disclosed opioid litigation materials. The Archive contains emails, memos, presentations, sales reports, training materials, budgets, audit reports, meeting agendas and minutes, expert witness reports, and depositions of pharmaceutical industry executives. The Archive provides a freely accessible digital resource for use by researchers, journalists, policymakers, and the public. The Archive provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate scientific, legal, regulatory, and marketing questions, and apply computational as well as other diverse analytic methods, to generate fundamental new knowledge about the origins of the epidemic, and to inform changes to policies and practice to prevent future harms.

The UCSF OIDA Postdoctoral Fellow will pursue original, publishable research using materials housed in OIDA and work closely with the archive research team to enhance the accessibility and usability of archival materials for a diverse array of communities, with a particular focus on racial and health equity. The fellows will take a leadership role in developing an effective organizational structure of the large volume of diverse materials housed in OIDA to facilitate a wide range of multi-disciplinary research endeavors. Fellows will work on a multidisciplinary team including faculty, other postdoctoral fellows and research assistants. Fellows will be mentored by and work closely with researchers and information specialists leading this work at UCSF. Fellows will be based at the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/) and participate fully in the fellowship program. Fellows will also be affiliated with the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the UCSF School of Medicine (https://humsci.ucsf.edu/).

Qualifications
Fellows should be well-versed in the history and social context of the ongoing harms associated with opioids —which has become known as the “opioid overdose epidemic” in the US, and/or be knowledgeable about research in related areas, such as the history, regulation, and impact of the pharmaceutical, tobacco, or food industries; agnotology; and the commercial determinants of health. We especially welcome applicants with training in social inequities, racism, perspectives on intersecting identities and society, and political economy. Scholars with relevant prior publications and/or dissertation research are encouraged to apply. Fellows should also be familiar with methods in digital and computational humanities, and means of using digital platforms to build research communities and enhance dissemination and engagement. Fellows should be innovative scholars with excellent research, communication, and organizational skills; be comfortable working on multiple projects in a dynamic research setting; and, have interest in helping work with many parties to build an important and accessible field of research.

Applicants with doctoral degrees in areas such as anthropology, sociology, history, history of medicine, information studies, political science, public health, health policy, nursing, American studies, and related fields with experience or interest in the digital humanities are eligible to apply. Dual degree trained scholars and health care providers, and interdisciplinary scholars are welcome.

Application Instructions
Fellowship application: https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/application-process

Questions about this position can be addressed to Kathleen Franklin, kathleen.franklin@ucsf.edu

LGBTQUIA+

~Lorna Ebner, Summer 2022 Educational Resources Fellow

The LGBTQUIA+ (Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay/Genderqueer, Trans, Queer/Questioning, Undecided, Intersex, Asexual/Aromantic) resource set highlights two overarching historical trends. First, it reveals wider societal anxieties as same-sex relationships are discussed as a medical condition as well as moral and religious vice. Second, studying the amorphous nature of how communities were defined illustrates how gender and sex are constructed identities. The geographical crux of the data shelf, much like the Revolutionary War, takes place in the United States and the United Kingdom with honorable mentions within texts from European countries and a few that focus on Asia and Africa. Unlike many other Medical Heritage Library Resource Sets, this one focuses on a chronological shelf rather than thematic. The dates range from 1835 to 2020. Chronology lends itself to this project so that researchers can clearly see how definitions evolved within the LGBTQUIA+ community.

That being said, there are several themed tabs:

-sexual inversion

-hermaphroditism

-gender dysphoria

-Sapphic women

Assembling a shelf that focuses on LGBTQUIA+ resources in history requires stepping out of the present moment. Contemporary definitions, terms, even mindsets are often nonexistent or anachronistic. A basic example would be the term “gay.” Prior to the early twentieth century, gay was synonymous with happy, i.e. gaiety. It had no connection to our conception of the meaning now or to homosexuality in any sense.

Front page of "Psychopathia Sexualis" from 1931
Front page of “Psychopathia Sexualis” from 1931

Sexual inversion is a term that was coined by imminent German psychologist Karl Westphal in the 1870s. The term had a twofold meaning. The first signified the theory that all men have female tendencies and vice versa. The second meaning was used to describe same sex relationships, male or female. In the late 1800s, ethos concerning same sex relationships shifts from strictly religious autonomy to enter the medical arena. Of course, religion and law are inextricably tied at the time (despite what they say to the contrary), as is much of medicine. Western religions do not shy away from dogged prosecution despite some medical arguments that sexual inversion should be treated as a medical condition.

The rise of the same sex relationships as a study of interest in the medical field can be seen partially through the invocation of medical testimonies during morality trials and the presence of articles concerning same sex anxieties (medical and legal) in published journals. For example, “The Bulletin of the Medico-Legal Congress, held in the city of New York, September 4th, 5th, and 6th, 1895” suggests that policing homosexuality arises from anxieties about decaying population then works its way into the culture and legal policy. Anxieties vary across borders. In France, homosexuality is legal as long as it is not performed in public (sex, not same-sex couples) and both parties consent. Italy and Switzerland have similar laws, only in Germany, Austria, Russia, and England is homosexuality a penal offense.

Page from "America's sex and marriage problems," 1928
Page from “America’s sex and marriage problems,” 1928

While many sources attribute the cause of same-sex attraction and transvestitism to a mental or moral failing, others invoke a stadial theory of sorts. Stadial theory comes from the Scottish Enlightenment. It is a theory of sociocultural evolution that suggested that all civilizations develop through four stages (hunting and gathering, to sedentary pastoralism, then agriculture, and finally commercial civilization) in an attempt to reach the penultimate evolutionary standing, commercial civilization. In John Addington Symonds work, A Problem in Modern Day Ethics (1896), a mixture of religious, legal, and scientific reasons for inversion is laid out. Symonds suggests that Christianity persecutes same-sex relationships because of population degradation, and points out that Jesus never ventured a prophecy nor hymn concerning inversion. He goes on to condemn the harsh punishment England metes out for the “nameless crime,” suggesting that sexual inversion is natural.

Frontispiece from "History of circumcision," 1891
Frontispiece from “History of circumcision,” 1891

Hermaphroditism and Gender Dysphoria are presented through separate tabs. The earliest resource within the LGBTQUIA+ data shelf represents a case study concerning gender transition. Intersexed peoples, unlike same sex attraction, existed under medical purview since at least Ancient Greece. Gender dysphoria is a much more recent term to describe individuals born to the wrong biological sex. The earliest resource in the gender dysphoria tab is from 1974. The Western Journal of Medicine published a case study presenting a transsexual man. The patient is interviewed by Dr. Parzen about his experience of being born in the wrong body. The article includes an outline of contemporary medical procedures to aid and identify individuals experiencing gender dysphoria and suggests causes for the condition such as growing up with an overprotective mother and absent father. The article ends with the exclamation “Help us, if you dare.”

Sapphic Women was included to highlight a group that escaped medical and legal attention for decades. Sexual inversion in women in the late 1800s was thought to occur so infrequently that it was not worth studying. This evolved, with help from the preeminent sexual inversion psychologist Havelock Ellis, to garner attention in medical circles. Early resources tend to focus on cultural and social gender roles, often discussing female sexual inversion in relation to the family unit. The vast majority of these texts are written by men, as there were few female physicians. In fact, the first female physician in the U.S., Elizabeth Blackwell, received her degree in 1849.

As the lexicon surrounding the LGBTQUIA+ community transformed and expanded over the course of the 20th century, the need for a distinction between sex, gender, and sexuality emerged. The contemporary definitions used to create this dataset stem from Joanne Meyerowitz’s How Sex Changed in which she defines biological sex, gender, and sexuality in the following passage:

“’biological sex’ referred to chromosomes, genes, genitals, hormones, and other physical markers, some of which could be modified and some of which could not; ‘gender’ represented masculinity, femininity, and the behaviors commonly associated with them; and ‘sexuality’ connoted the erotic, now sorted into a range of urges, fantasies and behaviors” (Meyerowitz, 3).

A note on medical historiography: Until the 1960s, medical texts were written by and for the medical field, and not for public consumption. This practice lends itself to a discourse between medical professionals that while revealing how this particular sect of society viewed these practices, does not necessarily represent general attitudes.

Sexual Inversion

Front cover of "Oscar Wilde and Myself," 1914
Front cover of “Oscar Wilde and Myself,” 1914

The date range for this tab is 1886-1933. Sexual inversion is a term that was coined by imminent German psychologist Karl Westphal in 1870. The term had a twofold meaning. The first signified the theory that all men have female tendencies and vice versa. The second meaning was used to describe same sex relationships, male or female. Terms like homosexual and gay were not used to denote same sex couples until the 1900s. Sexual inversion became a subject of study for psychologists and others within the medical profession in Europe, particularly England as the practice was codified into the law, in the late 1800s. Attributed causes of sexual inversion range from genetic inheritability to isolation from the opposite sex to sexual excesses (a favorite scapegoat for many a malady during the 1800s and early 1900s). Legal ramifications ranged depending on date and place. One of the sources provides a detailed account of his relations with Oscar Wilde and the time that Wilde served in prison because of his sexual preference. Countries such as France had no laws against same sex couples other than those of public indecency while countries like England, Austria, and Germany had laws that could send someone to jail for even attempting a same-sex act. The term sexual inversion falls out of medical and cultural vocabulary towards the mid 1900s and is replaced by more gendered terminology.

“Urnings” is another historical term that appears alongside sexual inversion prior to the 1900s. Urnings is a noun used to describe “those who are only excited sexually by persons of their own sex.” and stems from a Hanoverian legal official, Carl Heinrich Ulrichs. Ulrichs originally published under the nom de plume, Numa Numantius, advocating for legal revision concerning homosexual love before finally relaying both his identity as Ulrichs and sexual preference for other men.

TitleAuthorPublisherDate
Psychopathia Sexualis : With Special Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct a Medico-Forencis StudyR. von Krafft-Ebing, M.D.Heinemann1886
Sexual Impotence in the Male and FemaleWilliam A. HammondGeorge S. Davis1887
The Study of Sexual InversionHavelock Ellis, M.D.1893
Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (pathological manifestations of the sexual sense): With Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual InstinctAlfred von Schrenck-NotzingF.A. Davis Co.1895
Sexual Inversion in womenHavelock Ellis, M.D.Carreras, Steam Printer1895
Sexual Inversion in MenHavelock Ellis, M.D.Carreras, Steam Printer1896
A Problem in Modern Ethics: Being an Inquiry Into the Phenomenon of Sexual Inversion Addressed Especially to Medical Psychologists and JuristsJohn Addington Symonds, M.D.1896
Studies in the Psychology of SexHavelock Ellis, M.D.Watford1897
Bulletin of the Medico-Legal Congress, held ... in the city of New York, September 4th, 5th, and 6th, 1895Medico-Legal SocietyMedico-Legal Journal1898
The Supremacy of Sex and An Auto Da Fe at the Dawn of the Twentieth CenturyAdam Gowans WhyteS.I: S.N.1900
The Science of Sex : An Essay Towards the Practical Solution of the Sex ProblemJohn Allen Godfrey, M.D.London: University Press1901
Christianity and Sex ProblemsHugh NorthcoteDavis1906
Homosexuality and PederastyOtto Weininger, M.D.Heinemann1906
A Text-Book of Mental DiseasesEugnio Tanzi, William Ford Robertson, T.C. MackenzieRebman1909
Three Contributions to the Sexual TheorySigmund Freud, A.A. BrillJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease Pub Co.1910
Woman; A Treatise on the Normal and Pathological Emotions of Feminine Love: For Physicians and Students of MedicineBernard Simon TalmeyPractitioners' Pub. Co1912
A History of Penal Methods: Criminals, Witches, LunaticsGeorge IvesPaul1914
The Sexual Question: A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological StudyAuguste ForelPhysicians and Surgeons Book Co.1922
Sex Problems and Their SolutionHaydn BrownMills & Boon1923
Medicolegal Aspects of Moral OffensesLeon Thoinot, M.D.Davis1923
Havelock Ellis : A Biographical and Critical SurveyIsaac GoldbergSimon & Schuster1926
Anthropological Studies in the Strange Sexual Practises of All Races in All Ages: Ancient and Modern, Oriental and Occidental, Primitive and CivilizedIwan BlochAnthropological Press1933

Hermaphroditism

Sketch of Marie Rosine Göttlich (Gottlieb Göttlich) from "Account of a case of hermaphroditism," 1835
Sketch of Marie Rosine Göttlich (Gottlieb Göttlich) from “Account of a case of hermaphroditism,” 1835

The date range for this tab is 1835-1931. Hermaphroditism is a term that refers to intersex peoples or those with a combination of biologically male and female sex organs. As is seen from the resource set, by 1835 hermaphroditism was considered a medical condition. Many cases, including the earliest from 1835 discuss hermaphroditism in terms of the late development of sex organs. In this case, Gottlieb Göttlich, (male) was christened Marie Rosine Göttlich at birth and raised as such. According to the study, he himself believed he was female until his early thirties. In the Spring of 1831, a fracture that resulted in hospitalization caused his testes to appear. Gottlieb continued to live as a female until a visit with Professor Tiedemann at the University of Heidelberg. The anatomy professor declared that Gottlieb was a male and should begin acting the part post haste. The image shown is a portrait of Gottlieb. 

Social and cultural Western constructs dictate a gender binary of either male or female. Hermaphroditism was believed throughout this period to be an unnatural phenomenon and often parents or hermaphrodites were forced to choose a gender and the binary selection was accomplished through surgical intervention.

TitleAuthorPublisherDate
Account of a Case of hermaphroditismP.D. HandysideN/A1835
Supposed encephaloid testicle: hermaphroditismJonathan Mason WarrenPamphlet1859
hermaphroditism, From A Medico-Legal Point of ViewBasile Poppesco; Edward Warren SawyerChicago1875
The ladies' medical guide: a complete instructor and counsellor, embracing a full and exhaustive account of the structure and functions of the reproductive organs, the diseases of females and children, with their causes, symptoms and treatment, the toilet considered in reference to female health, beauty and longevity, etc., etc., etc., with an appendix containing startling facts in plain words for mothers and the youngS. PancoastPhiladelphia1875
History of Circumcision, from th earliest times to the present: moral and physical reasons for its performance, with a history of eunuchism, hermaphroditism, etc., and of the different operations practiced upon the prepucePeter Charles RemondinoF.A. Davis1891
Ladies' guide in health and disease: girlhood, maidenhood, wifehood, motherhoodJohn Harvey KelloggGood Health Pub. Co.1892
Sexual Inversion in MenHavelock Ellis, M.D.Carreras, Steam Printer1896
Woman; A Treatise on the Normal and Pathological Emotions of Feminine Love: For Physicians and Students of MedicineBernard Simon TalmeyPractitioners' Pub. Co1912
America's Sex and Marriage Problems: Based on Thirty Years Practice and StudyWilliam J. Robinson, M.D.Eugenics Publishing Company1928
Psychopathia Sexualis : With Special Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct a Medico-Forencis StudyR. von Krafft-Ebing, M.D.Heinemann1931

Gender Dysphoria

Page from "United States Navy Transgender and Gender Transition Commanding Officer's Toolkit," 2016
Page from “United States Navy Transgender and Gender Transition Commanding Officer’s Toolkit,” 2016

The date range for this tab is 1974-2016. Gender dysphoria is the term used in the medical field to define those born as the incorrect biological sex. Sources on gender dysphoria and transsexualism arise in the 1950s, following the popularity and publicity elicited by Christine Jorgensen’s transition. Medical journals begin referencing and writing often about programs for transitioning in the 1970s and many cite Harry Benjamin’s treatment program that includes psychotherapy, group therapy, and hormone therapy, followed by surgical intervention if desired. As the sources in this tab illustrate, Benjamin’s transition treatment plan was implemented in the U.S. in states such as New Jersey, Texas, and Hawaii. One example is a treatment center that opened in Galveston, Texas since 1974. The article is quoted as saying, “More often individuals are coming forward to seek professionals and clinics to help them make the transition and to treat the condition. That most such individuals, upon completion of treatment, turn out to be suicidal, drug-addicted, or living on welfare is clearly a myth. As a rule individuals who complete treatment are going to lead satisfying and productive lives” (Collier et al., 378). An updated version of Benjamin’s plan is adapted in some military institutions today.

TitleAuthorPublisherDate
Gender Dysphoria Syndrome - The Conceptualization that Liberalizes Indications for Total Gender Reorientation and Implies a Broadly Based Multi-Dimensional Rehabilitative RegimenNorman M. Fisk, M.D.California Medical Association1974
Report of a male trans-sexualElizabeth S. Bauder, M.D.; Bonita L. SteitzPennsylvania Medical Society1976
A Gender Dysphoria Program in New JerseyRichard M. Samuels, Ph.D: Harish K. Malhotra, M.D.: Mona M. Devaneson, M.D.Medical Society of New Jersey1977
Hormone Treatment Clinic for TranssexualsMaxwell A. Cooper M.D.Hawaii Medical Association1984
Exogenous Estrogen, Gender Dysphoria, and Hairy LeukoplakiaMark Kimbrell, M.D.; Kim Marie Thorburn, M.D.Hawaii Medical Association1988
Transsexual Prisoner Sues for Lack of Medical CareIndiana State Medical Association1988
Histopathology of the Breasts of 12 Women Receiving Long-Term Exogenous Androgen TherapyWalter Futterweit, M.D.; Ira S. Schwartz, M.D.Mount Sinai Hospital1988
Treatment of gender dysphoriaCollier M. Cole, Lee E. Emory, Ted Huang, Walter J, Meyer IIITexas Medical Association1994
Phallic Construction 2002: Current Concepts and Future DirectionsGerald H. Jordan, M.D.: Daniel I. Rosenstein, M.D.; David Gilbert, M.D.Endocrine Society2002
Developmental Endocrine Influences on Gender Identity: Implications for Management of Disorders of Sex DevelopmentWilliam Byne M.D. PhDMount Sinai Hospital2006
United States Navy Transgender and Gender Transition Commanding Officer's ToolkitU.S. Navy Office of the Chief of Navel Personnel, Transgender Service Central Coordination CellU.S. Navy2016
Transgender Service in the U.S. Military: An Implementation HandbookU.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of Defense2016

Sapphic Women

The date range for this tab is 1835-2014.

Cover of "Factors in the sex life of twenty-two hundred women," Katherine B Davis
Cover of “Factors in the sex life of twenty-two hundred women,” Katherine B Davis

This tab lists sources that feature women as more than just a passing comparison or comment. Female same sex relationships tended to startle and confound the men trying to write about them. So much so, that many early texts on the subject question the existence of a Sapphic nature at all, and others suggest that if they do exist, it is not worth studying as they are so few compared to the prevalence of male same sex relationships. This supposition shifts to admittance that female inversion (see “Sexual inversion” on the main shelf page or tab for definition) exists to a similar extent as that of men, but is harder to discover since, according to social and cultural standards, female acquaintances can often remain in close quarters and be physical with one another without public comment.

Other sources to be found in this tab include several broad studies on the state of women’s health, family, and marriage as well as cases of male-to-female and female-to-male gender dysphoria and transvestism.

TitleAuthorPublisherDate
Account of a Case of hermaphroditismP.D. HandysideEdinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal1835
The ladies' medical guide: a complete instructor and counsellor, embracing a full and exhaustive account of the structure and functions of the reproductive organs, the diseases of females and children, with their causes, symptoms and treatment, the toilet considered in reference to female health, beauty and longevity, etc., etc., etc., with an appendix containing startling facts in plain words for mothers and the youngS. PancoastJohn E. Potter1875
Sexual Impotence in the Male and FemaleWilliam A. HammondGeorge S. Davis1887
Ladies' guide in health and disease: girlhood, maidenhood, wifehood, motherhoodJohn Harvey KelloggGood Health Pub. Co.1892
Erotopathia - Morbid EroticismC.H. Hughes, M.D.; St. Louis, Mo.J.H. McBride1894
Sexual Inversion in womenHavelock Ellis, M.D.Carreras, Steam Printer1895
A Problem in Modern Ethics: Being an Inquiry Into the Phenomenon of Sexual Inversion Addressed Especially to Medical Psychologists and JuristsJohn Addington Symonds, M.D.1896
Studies in the Psychology of SexHavelock Ellis, M.D.Watford1897
The Science of Sex : An Essay Towards the Practical Solution of the Sex ProblemJohn Allen Godfrey, M.D.London: University Press1901
Christianity and Sex ProblemsHugh NorthcoteDavis1906
A Text-Book of Mental DiseasesEugnio Tanzi, William Ford Robertson, T.C. MackenzieRebman1909
Three Contributions to the Sexual TheorySigmund Freud, A.A. BrillJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease Pub Co.1910
Analysis of Psychosexual Anæsthesia in A Case of Psychopathic PersonalityMorris J. Karpas, M.D.Utica State Hospital Press1912
Woman; A Treatise on the Normal and Pathological Emotions of Feminine Love: For Physicians and Students of MedicineBernard Simon TalmeyPractitioners' Pub. Co1912
Some Observations On The Psychology of Sexual Inversion in WomenDouglas C. McMertried, M.D.Grafton Press1913
Principles of Homoseuality and Sexual Inversion in the FemaleDouglas C. McMertried, M.D.Grafton Press1913
A History of Penal Methods: Criminals, Witches, LunaticsGeorge IvesPaul1914
The New System of GynaecologyThomas Watts Eden, Cuthbert LockyerMacMillan1917
Sexual Apathy and Coldness in WomenWalter M. GallichanLaurie1927
America's Sex and Marriage Problems: Based on Thirty Years Practice and StudyWilliam J. Robinson, M.D.Eugenics Publishing Company1928
Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred WomenKatharine Bement DavisHarper1929
The Future of Marriage in Western CivilisationEdward WestermarckMacMillan1936
Histopathology of the Breasts of 12 Women Receiving Long-Term Exogenous Androgen TherapyWalter Futterweit, M.D.; Ira S. Schwartz, M.D.Mount Sinai Hospital1988
Treatment of gender dysphoriaCollier M. Cole, Lee E. Emory, Ted Huang, Walter J, Meyer IIITexas Medical Association1994
Lesbian, bisexual, and gay graduates of the Yale School of Medicine and their heterosexual peers: attitudes and experiences, 1969-1998Angela Joan RubineauThesis (M.D.) Yale2000
Developmental Endocrine Influences on Gender Identity: Implications for Management of Disorders of Sex DevelopmentWilliam Byne M.D. PhDMount Sinai Hospital2006
In Love and Health: Health Concerns for Lesbian and Bisexual WomenU.S. Navy, Naval Hospital Guam2014

Chronological Shelf

TitleAuthorPublisherDate
Account of a Case of hermaphroditismP.D. HandysideEdinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal1835
Supposed encephaloid testicle: hermaphroditismJonathan Mason Warren1859
hermaphroditism, From A Medico-Legal Point of ViewBasile Poppesco; Edward Warren SawyerW.B. Keen, Cooke1875
The ladies' medical guide: a complete instructor and counsellor, embracing a full and exhaustive account of the structure and functions of the reproductive organs, the diseases of females and children, with their causes, symptoms and treatment, the toilet considered in reference to female health, beauty and longevity, etc., etc., etc., with an appendix containing startling facts in plain words for mothers and the youngS. PancoastJohn E. Potter1875
The Art of BeautyMary Eliza Joy HaweisChatto and Windus1883
Psychopathia Sexualis : With Special Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct a Medico-Forencis StudyR. von Krafft-Ebing, M.D.Heinemann1886
Sexual Impotence in the Male and FemaleWilliam A. HammondGeorge S. Davis1887
History of Circumcision, from th earliest times to the present: moral and physical reasons for its performance, with a history of eunuchism, hermaphroditism, etc., and of the different operations practiced upon the prepucePeter Charles RemondinoF.A. Davis1891
Ladies' guide in health and disease: girlhood, maidenhood, wifehood, motherhoodJohn Harvey KelloggGood Health Pub. Co.1892
The Study of Sexual InversionHavelock Ellis, M.D.1893
Book Reviews: Psychopathia SexualisAmerican Medico-Psychological AssociationUtica State Hospital Press1894
Erotopathia - Morbid EroticismC.H. Hughes, M.D.; St. Louis, Mo.J.H. McBride1894
Sexual Inversion in womenHavelock Ellis, M.D.Carreras, Steam Printer1895
Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (pathological manifestations of the sexual sense): With Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual InstinctAlfred von Schrenck-NotzingF.A. Davis Co.1895
A Problem in Modern Ethics: Being an Inquiry Into the Phenomenon of Sexual Inversion Addressed Especially to Medical Psychologists and JuristsJohn Addington Symonds, M.D.1896
Sexual Inversion in MenHavelock Ellis, M.D.Carreras, Steam Printer1896
Studies in the Psychology of SexHavelock Ellis, M.D.Watford1897
Bulletin of the Medico-Legal Congress, held ... in the city of New York, September 4th, 5th, and 6th, 1895Medico-Legal SocietyMedico-Legal Journal1898
The Supremacy of Sex and An Auto Da Fe at the Dawn of the Twentieth CenturyAdam Gowans WhyteS.I: S.N.1900
The Science of Sex : An Essay Towards the Practical Solution of the Sex ProblemJohn Allen Godfrey, M.D.London: University Press1901
Days with Walt Whitman : with some notes on his life and workEdward Carpenter, M.D.George Allen1906
Christianity and Sex ProblemsHugh NorthcoteDavis1906
Homosexuality and PederastyOtto Weininger, M.D.Heinemann1906
The Intermediate Sex : A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and WomenEdward Carpenter, M.D.George Allen & Unwin1908
A Text-Book of Mental DiseasesEugnio Tanzi, William Ford Robertson, T.C. MackenzieRebman1909
Three Contributions to the Sexual TheorySigmund Freud, A.A. BrillJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease Pub Co.1910
Woman; A Treatise on the Normal and Pathological Emotions of Feminine Love: For Physicians and Students of MedicineBernard Simon TalmeyPractitioners' Pub. Co1912
Analysis of Psychosexual Anæsthesia in A Case of Psychopathic PersonalityMorris J. Karpas, M.D.Utica State Hospital Press1912
Some Observations On The Psychology of Sexual Inversion in WomenDouglas C. McMertried, M.D.Grafton Press1913
Principles of Homoseuality and Sexual Inversion in the FemaleDouglas C. McMertried, M.D.Grafton Press1913
Oscar Wilde and MyselfAlfred Bruce DouglasDuffield & Co1914
A History of Penal Methods: Criminals, Witches, LunaticsGeorge IvesPaul1914
The New System of GynaecologyThomas Watts Eden, Cuthbert LockyerMacMillan1917
Psychoanalytic ReviewW.A. White & S.E. Jelliffe1917
Psychoanalytic ReviewW.A. White & S.E. Jelliffe1917
Psychoanalytic ReviewW.A. White & S.E. Jelliffe1917
Psychoanalytic ReviewW.A. White & S.E. Jelliffe1919
The Sexual Question: A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological StudyAuguste ForelPhysicians and Surgeons Book Co.1922
Medicolegal Aspects of Moral OffensesLeon Thoinot, M.D.Davis1923
Sex Problems and Their SolutionHaydn BrownMills & Boon1923
Havelock Ellis : A Biographical and Critical SurveyIsaac GoldbergSimon & Schuster1926
Sexual Apathy and Coldness in WomenWalter M. GallichanLaurie1927
America's Sex and Marriage Problems: Based on Thirty Years Practice and StudyWilliam J. Robinson, M.D.Eugenics Publishing Company1928
Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred WomenKatharine Bement DavisHarper1929
Dress, Drinks, and Drums: Further Studies of Savages and SexAlfred Earnest CrawleyLondon: Methuen1931
"Homosexuality"Havelock Ellis, M.D.Heinemann1933
Anthropological Studies in the Strange Sexual Practises of All Races in All Ages: Ancient and Modern, Oriental and Occidental, Primitive and CivilizedIwan BlochAnthropological Press1933
The Future of Marriage in Western CivilisationEdward WestermarckMacMillan1936
Massachusetts General Hospital Case Record No. 24Dr. Louis B. BaldwinArizona Medical Assocition1953
Curiosa et TriviaWilliam B. McCunniff, M.D.Missouri State Medical Association1955
Male TranssexualismChairman: Dr. Arnold Mandell, Case Presentation: Dr. Stephen Millman, Discussants: Dr. Robert Gerner, Dr. Lewis Judd, Dr. Zane Parzen, Dr. Robert StollerCalifornia Medical Association1974
Gender Dysphoria Syndrome - The Conceptualization that Liberalizes Indications for Total Gender Reorientation and Implies a Broadly Based Multi-Dimensional Rehabilitative RegimenNorman M. Fisk, M.D.California Medical Association1974
Report of a male trans-sexualElizabeth S. Bauder, M.D.; Bonita L. SteitzPennsylvania Medical Society1976
A Gender Dysphoria Program in New JerseyRichard M. Samuels, Ph.D: Harish K. Malhotra, M.D.: Mona M. Devaneson, M.D.Medical Society of New Jersey1977
Overview on the Competency to Stand Trial and Determination of Criminal ResponsibilityManuel E. Soria M.D.Rhode Island Medical Society1982
Trial of Daniel M’Naghten: Insanity Defense, and Its Well-Kept Secret 82 (1982): 381–86.Matthew Brody, M.D.Medical Society of the State of New York1982
The AMA Delegate 1983 Interim MeetingMedical Society of Deleware1984
Hormone Treatment Clinic for TranssexualsMaxwell A. Cooper M.D.Hawaii Medical Association1984
Exogenous Estrogen, Gender Dysphoria, and Hairy LeukoplakiaMark Kimbrell, M.D.; Kim Marie Thorburn, M.D.Hawaii Medical Association1988
Transsexual Prisoner Sues for Lack of Medical CareIndiana State Medical Association1988
Histopathology of the Breasts of 12 Women Receiving Long-Term Exogenous Androgen TherapyWalter Futterweit, M.D.; Ira S. Schwartz, M.D.Mount Sinai Hospital1988
Treatment of gender dysphoriaCollier M. Cole, Lee E. Emory, Ted Huang, Walter J, Meyer IIITexas Medical Association1994
Treatment of gender dysphoriaCollier M. Cole, Lee E. Emory, Ted Huang, Walter J, Meyer IIITexas Medical Association1994
Lesbian, bisexual, and gay graduates of the Yale School of Medicine and their heterosexual peers: attitudes and experiences, 1969-1998Angela Joan RubineauThesis (M.D.) Yale2000
Phallic Construction 2002: Current Concepts and Future DirectionsGerald H. Jordan, M.D.: Daniel I. Rosenstein, M.D.; David Gilbert, M.D.Endocrine Society2002
Management of Children with Intersex Conditions: Psychological and Methodological PerspectivesSherl A. Berenbaum PhDEndocrine Society2002
Developmental Endocrine Influences on Gender Identity: Implications for Management of Disorders of Sex DevelopmentWilliam Byne M.D. PhDMount Sinai Hospital2006
In Love and Health: Health Concerns for Lesbian and Bisexual WomenU.S. Navy, Naval Hospital Guam2014
From the Deckplates: Who Would You Like to Meet in HistoryShawntel Marie PowellU.S. Navy2016
United States Navy Transgender and Gender Transition Commanding Officer's ToolkitU.S. Navy Office of the Chief of Navel Personnel, Transgender Service Central Coordination CellU.S. Navy2016
Transgender Service in the U.S. Military: An Implementation HandbookU.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of Defense2016
Pride in ServiceCesar MartinezU.S. Navy2020

Works Cited

Boyd, Nan Alamilla. “Bodies in Motion: Lesbian and Transsexual Histories.” In Unequal Sisters: An Inclusive Reader in U.S. Women’s History, 4th Edition, edited by Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois, 4th edition., 15–28. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Bronski, Michael. A Queer History of the United States. Beacon Press, 2012.

Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. 4/19/95 edition. New York: Basic Books, 1995.

Howard, John. Men Like That: A Southern Queer History. University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Meyerowitz, Joanne. How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. New Ed edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Shopland, Norena. A Practical Guide to Searching LGBTQIA Historical Records. Routledge, 2021.

Snorton, C. Riley. Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity. 3rd ed. edition. Minneapolis: Univ Of Minnesota Press, 2017.

From Our Partners: Masters of Health: Racial Science and Slavery in U.S. Medical Schools

The Center for the History of Medicine, Countway Library, the HMS Office for Diversity Inclusion & Community Partnership, and the Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, Blavatnik Institute, are pleased to sponsor the following Better Together Dialogue. This is a free, online event that is open to the public.  

Masters of Health: Racial Science and Slavery in U.S. Medical Schools

Christopher Willoughby, PhD
Visiting Assistant Professor in the History of Medicine
Pitzer College

Wednesday, Nov. 9, 2022
Noon – 1:30 p.m. (EST)
Registration is required. Click HERE to register for this online event

Christopher D. E. Willoughby is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the History of Medicine at Pitzer College in Claremont, California. In 2016, he completed his PhD in history at Tulane University. He is the author of Masters of Health: Racial Science and Slavery in U.S.Medical Schools (University of North Carolina Press, 2022), and with Sean Morey Smith, he edited the book Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery (Louisiana State University Press, 2021). He has published widely in popular and academic publications including The Washington Post and The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Previously, he has held long-term fellowships at the Huntington Library, Harvard’s Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, The Pennsylvania State University, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, and Emory University.

Live closed captioning will be available.

Harvard University welcomes individuals with disabilities to participate in its programs and activities. If you would like to request further accommodations or have questions about this event, please contact Susan Legere at susan_legere@hms.harvard.edu in advance of your participation. Please note that the University will make every effort to secure services, but services are subject to availability.

The Ruth Lilly Medical Library Joins the Medical Heritage Library

We’re delighted to welcome our new partners at the Ruth Lilly Medical Library and to share this introductory post from Brandon Pieczko, Digital and Special Collections Librarian.

The Medical Heritage Library has a new contributor, the Indiana University School of Medicine’s
Ruth Lilly Medical Library. Beginning in May 2022, the library began contributing select digitized
items to the Medical Heritage Library to improve the discoverability of print materials from its
History of Medicine Collection.

Photograph of Ruth Lilly Medical library reading room
History of Medicine Collection Research Room

The History of Medicine Collection is a special collection unit within the Ruth Lilly Medical Library located in Indianapolis, Indiana. As part of the Indiana University School of Medicine,
the mission of the History of Medicine Collection is to support the research, learning, and educational success of Indiana University students, faculty, and community members by
collecting, preserving, interpreting, and providing access to unique materials documenting the history of medicine; medical education, training, research, and practice; and health and disease
treatment and prevention in the state of Indiana and beyond. The collection includes archival records and manuscripts from Indiana University School of Medicine faculty and alumni, researchers, professional organizations, advocates, and practitioners in the medical and health care professions; a significant number of medical instruments and other artifacts; audiovisual recordings in a variety of formats; and rare and early print books, periodicals, and other publications (1542 – present) in multiple languages (e.g., English, French, German, Latin, Russian) on various subjects including anatomy and physiology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, pathology, pharmacology, psychiatry, military medicine, medical ethics, and public health.


To date, the Ruth Lilly Medical Library has uploaded 37 issues of the Indiana University School of Medicine yearbook to the Internet Archive, as well as an incredibly detailed notebook containing pathology lecture and laboratory notes written by an Indiana Medical College student between 1903 and 1904. Looking ahead, the library plans to contribute additional digitized resources from its History of Medicine Collection including early medical school commencement programs and a series of monthly bulletins published by the Indiana Department of Health between 1899 and 1925.

Drawing of pulmonary tuberculois from medical student's pathology lab notes, 1904
Drawing of pulmonary tuberculosis from medical student’s pathology lab notes, 1904

In addition to the print materials it is contributing to the Medical Heritage Library, the Ruth Lilly Medical Library has also digitized a large number of audiovisual recordings from its holdings and
made them made available for direct online streaming through Indiana University’s Media Collections Online, a digital repository developed specifically to provide access to digitized and born-digital media. Since November 2020, the library has uploaded nearly 200 items to Media Collections Online including public health, disease awareness, and emergency preparedness
programs produced by local, state, and national organizations; demonstrations of dissections, surgeries, and other medical procedures developed to inform medical student education; and recordings of history of medicine guest lectures and student and faculty conference presentations.

Still from a video recording of lecture on minority healthcare delivered by Dr. Joycelyn Elders at IU School of
Medicine in 2000
Still from a video recording of lecture on minority healthcare delivered by Dr. Joycelyn Elders at IU School of
Medicine in 2000

The History of Medicine Collection also contains a variety of artifacts ranging in date from the late 18th to early 21st century including surgical and dissection kits; diagnostic equipment like
microscopes, ophthalmoscopes, hemocytometers, sphygmomanometers, and stethoscopes; as well as a disarticulated (Beauchene) skull and a life-size model of a human skeleton. Some of these artifacts have been digitized using photogrammetry scanning techniques to create 3D
models that researchers and learners can interact with dynamically online. These models have been uploaded to a designated collection in Sketchfab, the 3D modeling platform the Ruth Lilly Medical Library also uses to provide access to the anatomical models it creates for use in medical education. To date, the library has uploaded models of 12 historical artifacts to the collection and plans to expand this digital project to include additional artifacts from the History of Medicine Collection.

3D model of an English pewter bleeding bowl, circa 1840s
3D model of an English pewter bleeding bowl, circa 1840s

The Ruth Lilly Medical Library is excited to join the Medical Heritage Library and hopes that its contributions will benefit both the library and the MHL’s broader mission to provide open
online access to digital history of medicine resources.

Ear Candy

If you’re looking for something for a little brain jumpstart after a long weekend (in the States, anyway), why not try our YouTube channel? We have all the sessions from our Spring Speaker Series and our tenth anniversary conference!

For example, you can catch up on Aja Lans’s great session on Uncovering the Roots of Racism in Medicine.

Statement on Dobbs v Jackson

As a collaborative digitization and discovery organization committed to providing open access to the history of medicine and health resources, the Medical Heritage Library, Inc. (MHL) works to ensure that researchers and other people have access to the historical records at the heart of evidence-based history.

The June 24, 2022 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in Dobbs v. Jackson to overturn the 49-year precedent of Roe v. Wade, as analyzed by historians and commentators, is based, in part, on a faulty reading of history and an intentional misunderstanding of the evolution of laws around abortion.  As noted in the amicus brief filed by both the American Historical Association and the Organization of American Historians, “the court adopted a flawed interpretation of abortion criminalization that has been pressed by anti-abortion advocates for more than 30 years. The opinion inadequately represents the history of the common law, the significance of quickening in state law and practice in the United States, and the 19th-century forces that turned early abortion into a crime.”  The MHL fears how such interpretations can and may be used to overturn existing law. We also fear what that overturning will mean for individuals seeking medical care.

This decision inserts government into considerations that should be made between an individual and their physician.  It not only restricts access to reproductive services, but also lays the foundation for increases in maternal mortality. The United States already has the highest rates of maternal mortality of any developed country, with Black women dying at a ratio of 3:1 to 4:1 in relation to white women.  This decision will also disproportionally affect individuals from historically disadvantaged communities.  We fear that this decision will become a gateway to other actions taken at the state level to restrict access to birth control and forms of medical intervention needed for reproductive and sexual health.

This decision also impacts women’s health overall by reducing a person’s ability to gain access to medications that not only aid in abortion and miscarriage recovery, but also in other aspects of health care, such as cancer treatment and in-vitro fertilization.  The MHL stands on the side of complete health care for all.

While the sources made available by the Medical Heritage Library, Inc. document what happens when access to healthcare for all individuals is limited, these sources often reflect the perspective of institutions run by white males and religiously biased organizations.

History is meant to be not only a window into our past, but also a guidepost for our future. To paraphrase, the history of medicine is also its prologue. The MHL, as professionals who serve all who learn from the health sciences, expresses disappointment at the Dobbs decision, as well as our sadness at its impact on future generations.